The Effect Manipulation of Firm Actual Activities on Stock Trading Cost

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Prof., Department of Accounting, Faculty Management and Economics, University of Shahid Bahonar Kerman, Kerman, Iran

2 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

Abstract

Objective: The present research investigates the effect of manipulation of actual activities in a firm in order for profit management on stock trading cost.
Methods: For this goal, the financial data of 66 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange from2008 to 2015 were investigated. The multivariate regression model based on data panel and the fixed effect approach were used to verify the research hypothesis.
Results: The results of these research hypothesis show that all three components of manipulation of the firm's actual activities (abnormal cash flows, abnormal optional costs and abnormal production costs) have led to an increase in the Stock trading cost.
Conclusion: The results showed that, the increase in stock trading cost is because of the intensified phenomenon of information asymmetry in the capital market by managers who mainly intend to achieve their own goals and positions. Furthermore and because of incorrect valuation of investors in the capital markets, stock trading costs resulting from the implementation of the trading increased. This indicates that the firm's actual activities manipulation could lead to symmetric effects on Stock trading cost.

Keywords

Main Subjects


References
Ahmadpour, A., & Rasaiian, A. (2004). The relationship between financial information and Bid-ask Spread. Nameh mofid journal, 12 (57), 29-48. (in Persian)
Amihud, Y., & Mendelson, H. (1986). Asset Pricing and the Bid-ask Spread. Journal of Financial Economics, 17(2), 23-49.
Baker, H. K. & Kiymaz, H. (2013). Market Microstructure in Emerging and Developed Markets: Price Discovery, Information Flows, and Transaction Co Costs. DOI: 10.1002/9781118681145.ch13.
Barclay, M.J., Kandel, E. & Marx, L. M. (1997). The Effects of Transaction Costs on Stock Prices and Trading Volume. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 7(2), 130 –150.
Becker, T. & Sy, A. (2006). Were bid–ask spreads in the FX market excessive during the Asian crisis? International Review of Financial Analysis, 15(4-5), 434 – 449.
Bhattacharya, N., Desai, D., & Venkataraman, K. (2013). Does Earnings Quality Affect Information Asymmetry? Evidence from Trading Costs. Accounting Research, 30 (2), 482–516.
Chung, H., Sheu, H.J., & Wang, J.L. (2009). Do firms’ earnings management practices affecttheir equity liquidity? Finance Research Letters, 6(3), 152–158.
Cohen, D., & Zarowin, P. (2011). Accrual-based and real earnings management activities around seasoned equity offerings. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(1), 2-19.
Copeland, T., & Galai, E. (1983). Information Effects on the Bid-ask Spread. Journal of Finance, 38(5), 57-69.
Crabbe, L.C., & Fabozzi, F.J. (2015). Advanced Bond Portfolio Management: Best Practices in Modeling and Strategies, Liquidity, Trading, and Trading Costs.  John Wiley & Sons, Inchttps://doi.org/10.1002/9781119201151.ch2.
Dechow, P. M., & Dichev, I. D. (2002). The Quality of Accruals and Earnings: The Role of Accrual Estimation Errors. The Accounting Review, 77(s-1), 35–59.
Degryse, H. (1999). The total cost of trading Belgian shares: Brussels versus London. Journal of Banking and Finance, 23(9), 1331-1355.
Demsetz, H. (1968). The Cost of Transaction. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82(1), 33–53.
Deng, X., & Ong, S. E. (2014). Real Earnings Management, Liquidity and REITs SEO dynamics. Available from: http://www.ssrn.com.
Easley, D., & O’Hara, M. (1987). Price, trade size, and information in securities markets. Journal of Financial Economics, 19 (1), 69–90.
Fabozzi, F.J. (2009). Transaction Costs and Trade Execution in Common StockPortfolio Management,Institutional Investment Management: Equity and Bond Portfolio Strategies and Applications, 331-363.
Fathi, S., Hashemi, A., Firozkohi, A., Khastekhodaee, Z., & Ajam, A. (2013). The Examination Effect of Liquidity trading companies on Stock Liquidity of Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Journal of Financial Management Strategy,1(2), 89-104. (in Persian)
French, K. R. (2008). Presidential address: the cost of active investing. Journal of Financ, 63(4), 1537–1573.
Graham, J.R., Harvey, C.R., & Rajgopal, S. (2005). The economic implications of corporate financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 40, 3–73
Griffiths, M.D., Smith, B.F., Turnbull, D.A.S., & White, R.W. (2000). The costs and determinants of order aggressiveness. Journal of Financial Economics, 56 (1), 65–88.
Hanousek, J., & Podpiera, R. (2003). Informed trading and the bid–ask spread: evidence from an emerging market. Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(2), 275–296.
Harris, L. (2003). Trading and Exchanges, Market Microstructure for Practitioners. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 He, X., & Liu, H. (2009). The externality of liquidity and inverse selection. Management World, 7, 56-66.
Healy, P. M., & Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A Review of the Earnings Management Literature and Its Implications for Standard Setting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 365-383.
Ho, T., & Stoll, H. (1983). The dynamics of dealer markets under competition. Journal of Finance, 38(4), 1053-1074.
Huang, K., Lao, B., McPhee, G. (2017). Does Stock Liquidity Affect Accrual‐Based Earnings Management? Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 44(3), 417-447.
Huang, Y. (2013). Determinants of Trading Costs, 231-251. Doi: 10.1002/9781118681145.ch13.
Jenwittayaroje, N., Charoenwong, C., Ding, D. & Yang, Y. (2015). Trading costs on the Stock Exchange of Thailand. International Review of Financial Analysis, 41, 31-40.
Jiraporn, P., Miller, G.A., Yoon, S.S., & Kim, Y.S. (2008). Is earnings management opportunistic or beneficial? An agency theory perspective. International Review ofFinancial Analysis, 17(3), 622–634.
Kamyabi, Y., Khodamipour, A., & Amiri, E. (2018). The Impact of Mechanisms of Corporate Governance on Stock Trading Cost, quarterly financial accounting journal, 10 (37) , 120-150. (in Persian)
Keim, D., Madhavan, A. (1998). The Cost of Institutional Equity Trades. Financial Analysts Journal,54(4), 50-68.
Khodamipour, A. & Qadiri, M. (2011). An Investigation of the Relationship between Accruals and Information Asymmetry in Tehran Stock ExchangeJournal of Accounting Advances, 2(2), 1-29. (in Persian)
Khodamipour, A., & Amiri, E. (2017). Investigate the relationship between components of accruals and stock trading cost. Journal of Accounting and Audit Research, 34(24), 24-41. (in Persian)
Kim, J. B., Sohn. B. C. (2013). Real Earnings Management and Cost of Capital. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 32(6), 518-543.
Kim, O., & Verrecchia, R. E. (1994). Market liquidity and volume around earnings announcements. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 17(1–2), 41–67.
Lang, L., Karlv, L. & Mark, M. (2011). Transparency, Liquidity, and Valuation: International Evidence on When Transparency Matters Most. Journal of Accounting Research, 50 (3), 729-774.
Lei, Q. (2013). Accrual components and stock trading costs. China Journal of Accounting Research, 6, 287–300.
Leuz, C., & Verrecchia, R. (2000). Economic Consequences of Increased Disclosure. Journal of Accounting Research, 38, 91-124.
Li, D., & Xia, Y. (2016). Does Stock Market Liquidity Affect Real and Accrual-Based Earnings Management? 29th Australasian Finance and Banking Conference.
Lo, K. (2008). Earnings management and earnings quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 45 (2), 350-357.
Mai, L. (2012). Trading costs around M&A announcements. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 8(2), 120-138.
Morse, D., & Ushman, N. (1983). The Effect of Information Announcements on the Market Microstructure. The Accounting Review58(2): 247-58.
Rahbar, S., Soleymani, A., Fallahshams, M. (2013). Research the effects of market microstructure on the stock price in Tehran Stock Exchange. Journal of Investment Knowledge, 2(5), 31-44. (in Persian)
Ramezan Ahmadi, M., & Dorseh, S. (2016). The Effect of Abnormal Real Operations and Accrual Based Earnings Management on Future Stock Price Crashes. Journal of Empirical Researches in Accounting, 6(3), 153-184. (in Persian)
Richardson, V. J. (2000). Information asymmetry and earnings management: Some evidence. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 15(4), 325–347.
Roychowdhury, S. (2006). Earnings management through real activities manipulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42(3), 335–370.
Rubin, A. (2007). Ownership level, ownership concentration and liquidity. Journal of Financial Markets, 10 (3), 219–248.
Sakaki, H., Jackson, D. & Jory, S. (2016). Institutional ownership stability and real earnings management, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 49(1), 227–244.
Silva, A.G., Barbedo, C., & Vicente, J. (2014). The adverse selection cost component of the spread of Brazilian stocks. Emerging Markets Review, 21, 21– 41.
Stoll, H. (2000). Friction. Journal of Finance, 55(4), 1479 –1514.
Teoh, S. H., Welch, I., & Wong, T. J. (1998). Earnings management andthe long‐run market performance of initial public offerings. The Journal of Finance, 53 (6), 1935-1974.
Verrier, T. (2010). Selected essays in stock market liquidity: innovative XLM measure atthe Frankfurt Stock Exchange cloudy skies, time of the day and the role of designated sponsors for stock market liquidity. Doctoral Thesis, Dissertation, European Business School, available at: http://hdl.handle.net.
Wang, S., & D'Souza, J. (2006). Earnings Management: The Effect of Accounting Flexibility on R&D Investment Choices. SSRN Electronic Journal, Available in: 10.2139/ssrn.878345.
Wasan, S., & Boone, P. (2010). Do Accruals Exacerbate Information Asymmetry in the Market? Advances in Accounting, 26 (1), 66-78.
Zhang, Z., & Liu, L. (2006). Turnovers and stock returns: liquidity premium or speculative bubbles? China Economic Quarterly, 3, 871–892.